Variance

Variance is another number that indicates how spread out the values are.

In fact, if you take the square root of the variance, you get the standard deviation. Or the other way around, if you multiply the standard deviation by itself, you get the variance!

We will first use the data set with 10 observations to give an example of how we can calculate the variance:

Duration	Average_Pulse	Max_Pulse	Calorie_Burnage	Hours_Work	Hours_Sleep
30	80	120	240	10	7
30	85	120	250	10	7
45	90	130	260	8	7
45	95	130	270	8	7
45	100	140	280	0	7
60	105	140	290	7	8
60	110	145	300	7	8
60	115	145	310	8	8
75	120	150	320	0	8
75	125	150	330	8	8

Tip: Variance is often represented by the symbol Sigma Square: σ^2

Step 1 to Calculate the Variance: Find the Mean

We want to find the variance of Average_Pulse.

1. Find the mean:

(80+85+90+95+100+105+110+115+120+125) / 10 = 102.5

The mean is 102.5

Step 2: For Each Value - Find the Difference From the Mean

2. Find the difference from the mean for each value:

80 - 102.5 = -22.5
85 - 102.5 = -17.5
90 - 102.5 = -12.5
95 - 102.5 = -7.5
100 - 102.5 = -2.5
105 - 102.5 = 2.5
110 - 102.5 = 7.5
115 - 102.5 = 12.5
120 - 102.5 = 17.5
125 - 102.5 = 22.5

Step 3: For Each Difference - Find the Square Value

3. Find the square value for each difference:

(-22.5)^2 = 506.25
(-17.5)^2 = 306.25
(-12.5)^2 = 156.25
(-7.5)^2 = 56.25
(-2.5)^2 = 6.25
2.5^2 = 6.25
7.5^2 = 56.25
12.5^2 = 156.25
17.5^2 = 306.25
22.5^2 = 506.25

Note: We must square the values to get the total spread.

Step 4: The Variance is the Average Number of These Squared Values

4. Sum the squared values and find the average:

(506.25 + 306.25 + 156.25 + 56.25 + 6.25 + 6.25 + 56.25 + 156.25 + 306.25 + 506.25) / 10 = 206.25

The variance is 206.25.

Use Python to Find the Variance of health_data

We can use the var() function from Numpy to find the variance (remember that we now use the first data set with 10 observations):

Example

import numpy as np

var = np.var(health_data)
print(var)

The output:

Use Python to Find the Variance of Full Data Set

Here we calculate the variance for each column for the full data set:

Example

import numpy as np

var_full = np.var(full_health_data)
print(var_full)

The output: