Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.
Example
<img src="pic_trulli.jpg"
alt="Italian Trulli">
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg"
alt="Girl in a jacket">
Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg"
alt="Flowers in Chania">
HTML Images Syntax
The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an
image in a web page.
Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to web
pages. The <img> tag creates a holding
space for the referenced image.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not
have a closing tag.
The <img> tag has two required
attributes:
src - Specifies the path to the image
alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image
Syntax
<img src="url" alt="alternatetext">
The src Attribute
The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.
Note: When a web page loads, it is the browser, at that
moment, that gets the image from a web server and inserts it into the page.
Therefore, make sure that the image actually stays in the same spot in relation
to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken
link icon and the alt text are shown if the browser cannot find the image.
Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers
in Chania">
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the user for
some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src
attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).
The value of the alt attribute should describe the image:
Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers
in Chania">
If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the value of the alt
attribute:
Example
<img src="wrongname.gif" alt="Flowers
in Chania">
Tip: A screen reader is a software program that reads the HTML code, and allows the user to "listen" to the content. Screen readers are useful
for people who are visually impaired or learning disabled.
Image Size - Width and Height
You can use the style attribute to specify the width and
height of an image.
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a jacket" style="width:500px;height:600px;">
Alternatively, you can use the width and height attributes:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a jacket" width="500" height="600">
The width and height attributes always define the width and height of the
image in pixels.
Note: Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and height are not specified, the
web page
might flicker while the image loads.
Width and Height, or Style?
The width, height, and style attributes are
all valid in HTML.
However, we suggest using the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets from changing
the size of images:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <style> img { Â Â width: 100%; }
</style> </head> <body>
Notes on external images: External images might be under
copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of
copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; they can suddenly
be removed or changed.
To use an image as a link, put the <img> tag inside the <a>
tag:
Example
<a href="default.asp"> Â <img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial"
style="width:42px;height:42px;"> </a>
Image Floating
Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the right or to the left of a text:
Example
<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face"
style="float:right;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the right of
the text.</p>
<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face"
style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the left of
the text.</p>
Tip: To learn more about CSS Float, read our .
Common Image Formats
Here are the most common image file types, which are supported in all browsers
(Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, Opera):
Abbreviation
File Format
File Extension
APNG
Animated Portable Network Graphics
.apng
GIF
Graphics Interchange Format
.gif
ICO
Microsoft Icon
.ico, .cur
JPEG
Joint Photographic Expert Group image
.jpg, .jpeg, .jfif, .pjpeg, .pjp
PNG
Portable Network Graphics
.png
SVG
Scalable Vector Graphics
.svg
Chapter Summary
Use the HTML <img> element to define an image
Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image
Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image, if it cannot be displayed
Use the HTML width and height attributes
or the CSS width and height
properties to define the size of the image
Use the CSS float property to let the image float
to the left or to the right
Note: Loading large images takes time, and can slow down your
web page. Use images carefully.
AWS Cloud Tutorial
This tutorial gives an overview of the AWS cloud.
It will teach you AWS concepts, services, security, architecture, and pricing.
In addition, this tutorial will help you prepare for the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam.
Why Learn AWS Cloud?
This skill offers many job opportunities.
AWS is one of the major cloud providers.
You can do everything in the AWS cloud.
Tutorial Overview
Format: Text and video.
Prerequisites: None.
Time to complete: Eight hours.
Content collaboration: W3schools.com collaborates with Amazon Web Services on this tutorial to deliver digital training content to our students.
What is AWS Cloud?
AWS (Amazon Web Services) is a cloud computing platform.
The first product (S3) was released in 2006.
AWS has grown a lot since then in both size and product range.
It is, to date, the largest cloud provider in the world.
Why Learn AWS?
AWS is the largest of the cloud providers
AWS competence is popular in the job market
You can do most things in the AWS Cloud
Big community/support
AWS Overview Video:02
06:01
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Get Started
This tutorial will teach you the essentials of AWS Cloud.
The tutorial has a broad audience, such as:
IT professionals
Marketing professionals
Sales
Business analysts
Students
Project managers
Legal
AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner
AWS offers a Certification Program for AWS Cloud Practitioner.
Completing the exam grants the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner title.
The certificate is for you who want to boost your skills and add credentials to your CV.
Document Your Skills
Knowledge is power, especially in the current job market. Documentation of your skills enables you to advance your career, or help you to start a new one.
Get a Certificate
Getting a certificate proves your commitment to upgrade your skills, gives you the credibility needed for more responsibilities, larger projects, and a higher salary.
How Does It Work?
Schedule the exam
Study for free at W3Schools.com
Prepare for the exam by completing the AWS Cloud Tutorial
Study at your own speed
Take the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner exam
Explore your options for what to do next!
Free AWS Account
AWS offers a free tier, letting you explore and try out their services.
The free tier offers you limited use of services for free.
So let us get started with creating your free account!
How To Sign Up
Step 1: Go to the AWS website to get your free account: Sign up for free
Step 2: Click the "Create a free account" button.
Step 3: Complete the registration steps.
AWS requires you to register a credit card and identity verification by phone number via text or voice.
Congrats on getting your account set up! Click the "next" button to learn more!
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
AWS Fundamentals Specialization
The Client-Server Model
The client-server model is an important concept in cloud computing.
It is about many clients using services from a centralized server.
Read about the Benefits of Cloud Computing at: Cloud Benefits
What is the Client-Server Model?
The Client-Server model is about a client that interacts and makes requests to a computer server.
A client is the way that the person interact with the server.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The server does tasks for the client and returns information.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is a computing service made available over the internet.
Cloud computing is a pay-as-you-go model for delivering IT resources.
You pay only for what you use.
AWS Cloud Computing Video
0:04
03:09
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Deployment Models
There are three different kinds of deployment models:
Cloud-based
On-premises
Hybrid
The models are different ways of accessing compute services - over the internet, locally, or in a combination.
AWS and W3Schools offers free and paid Cloud Courses
Engage in a text and video based learning experience.
Free AWS training - Upskill today and reach for the Cloud.
Cloud-Based Deployment
Everything runs in the cloud.
This model allows you to build new applications or move existing ones to the cloud.
There are different levels of services ranging from low to high.
The level of service has different requirements on your management, architecting, and infrastructure.
For example, a company might create an application consisting of virtual servers, databases, and networking components entirely based in the cloud.
On-Premises Deployment
Deploy resources by using virtualization and resource management tools.
On-Premises Deployment is also known as private cloud deployment.
For example, you might have applications that run on technology that is fully kept in your on-premises data center.
Though this model is much like legacy IT infrastructure, its application management and virtualization technologies make it more effective.
Hybrid Deployment
In a hybrid deployment, you connect cloud resources to an on-premises infrastructure.
This approach is relevant in many situations.
For example, you are working with sensitive data or are under specific government regulations.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Top of Form
Test Yourself With Exercises
Exercise:
Insert the missing deployment model.
Cloud-based, on-premises, and
Submit Answer »
Start the Exercise
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Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Create Virtual Machine EC2
MySQL DB with AWS RDS
Website Hosting and Replication
Create Amazon Aurora DB
Why Choose Cloud Computing?
There are many reasons for going with the cloud.
Cloud computing enables benefits such as:
Cost savings
Security
Scalability
Flexibility
Payment Model
The cloud payment model is flexible.
You do not have to invest in a data center, servers, and other resources.
The cloud services is a variable expense.
You can use the services from the start and consume more as you grow.
Fewer Operations
Having your own data centers and servers requires resources and staffing.
Cloud computing reduces operation and lets you focus on important things, such as your applications and customers.
Flexible Capacity
Having and managing your own servers can result in unused capacity and limitations.
On the other hand, you can grow freely with cloud computing.
You pay for what you use
Economies at Scale
Cloud computing is about shared resources.
Sharing the infrastructure cost with hundreds of thousands of other customers lowers the overall costs.
Increased Speed
The flexibility of cloud computing makes it easier to develop and deploy applications.
You can test and utilize resources as you want in minutes.
This freedom allows you to experiment and invent more.
It allows for instant resource access.
Global Reach
AWS has data centers all over the world.
The AWS Cloud's global reach allows you to swiftly deploy apps to consumers anywhere.
Customers can access your apps quickly.
You can pick the ones near your clients to reduce the latency.
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
AWS Fundamentals Specialization
MySQL DB with AWS RDS
Website Hosting and Replication
Create Amazon Aurora DB
AWS EC2 - Virtual Cloud Server
EC2 is a virtual server in the AWS Cloud.
AWS EC2 is short for AWS Elastic Cloud Compute.
It makes scaling of capacity up and down easy.
Introduction to AWS EC2 Video
Why AWS EC2?
It makes the process of increasing and decreasing capacity easier.
As a result, you can access the resources at demand.
No upfront investment is needed.
You only pay for what you need.
EC2 is secure.
Get Started With AWS EC2
You can get started with EC2 in three steps.
1. Launch
Start with selecting a template with basic configurations.
The config includes the operating system, application server, or applications.
Next, decide the instance type and hardware configuration of your instance.
Finally, specify the security settings to control the traffic in and out of your instance.
You will learn more about cloud security later in this tutorial.
2. Connect
There are many ways to connect an instance.
Programs and applications have multiple connection methods to exchange data.
Users can connect and access the computer desktop by logging in.
3. Use
Once connected, you can use the instance.
Execute commands to install software, add storage, copy, and organize files, and much more.
Related reads:
Read about AWS EC2 here
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS EC2 Instance Types
There are different instance types.
Which one to use depends on the needs.
More About EC2 Instance Types
The types are best used for different things.
Therefore, when selecting an instance type, consider the needs.
For example, needs can be a requirement for compute, memory, or storage.
General Purpose Instance
The General Purpose Instance balances computing, memory, and networking resources.
It fits many purposes. Such as:
Application servers
Gaming servers
Backend servers for companies
Small and medium databases
The General Purpose Instances are best when there is a balance between the resources.
Compute Optimized Instances
The Compute Optimized Instances are best there is a need for high compute.
This type is also good for application servers, gaming servers, and web applications.
The main difference is that this type is ideal for high-performance and compute-intensive needs.
Memory Optimized Instances
This type can deliver large dataset workloads fast.
Memory is a temporary storage area.
It loads from storage, holds the data, and processes it before the computer can run it.
The processing allows for a preloading process and gives the CPU direct access to the computer program.
The Memory Optimized Instances are best when huge amounts of data need to be preloaded before running the app.
Accelerated Computing Instances
This type use hardware accelerators.
The accelerators boost the data processing.
The Accelerated Computing Instances are best for graphics applications and streaming.
Storage Optimized Instances
This type is best when you have large datasets on local storage.
Some examples:
Large file systems
Data warehouses
Online transaction systems
The Storage Optimized Instances are designed to deliver many inputs as fast as possible.
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Create Virtual Machine EC2
Deploy Wordpress Site EC2
AWS EC2 Pricing
With AWS EC2 you pay for the compute time.
You only pay for the compute time that you use.
It offers different pricing options.
AWS EC2 Pricing Video
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On Demand Instances
On Demand Instances are best used for short-term workloads.
It requires no upfront costs or minimum amount on the purchase.
The instances run until you stop them.
You pay for what you use.
AWS EC2 Savings Plan
The savings plan is a commitment for usage over a 1-year or 3-year term.
Committing to a period gives a discounted price.
If you surpass the budget, the cost goes to normal (on-demand) prices.
You will learn more about AWS Cost Explorer later in this tutorial.
AWS Cost Explorer is a tool that helps to plan usage with AWS Cloud.
Reserved Instances
The Reserved Instances are used to reserve instances for an agreed period.
The options are for 1-year or 3-years. The latter one gives the highest discount.
Spot Instances
This pricing model is best for workloads with flexible start and end times, which can take interruptions.
Spot instances can give up to a 90% cost savings.
The reason behind the discount is that AWS can optimize its capacity, giving you better prices.
Dedicated Hosts
Dedicated hosts are physical servers fully dedicated to you.
You can use your existing VM software licenses.
The Dedicated Host is the most expensive model.
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Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Create Virtual Machine EC2
Deploy Wordpress Site EC2
AWS EC2 Scaling
Scaling is about only using the resources that you need.
In addition, have the flexibility to grow freely.
Make sure to have an architecture that can handle changes in demand.
Designing a scalable architecture allow you to only pay for the resources that you need at any given time.
AWS EC2 Scaling Part-1 Video
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AWS EC2 Auto Scaling
Servers can get more requests than they can handle.
Too many requests can cause timeouts and outages.
AWS EC2 Auto Scaling allows you to add or remove EC2 instances automatically.
It automates the capacity to the demand.
There are two approaches:
Dynamic scaling: responds to changing demand
Predictive scaling: schedules the number of instances based on a predicted demand
Dynamic and Predictive scaling can be combined to scale faster
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The picture illustrates that demand can change during a week based.
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS EC2 Scaling Part-2 Video
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AWS EC2 Auto Scaling
EC2 Auto Scaling can be added as a buffer on top of your instances.
It can add new instances to the application when necessary and terminate them when no longer needed.
You can set up a group of instances.
Here you can set a minimum capacity of instances that will always be running. The rest will operate when necessary.
You can set the desired number of AWS EC2 instances in the scaling group.
However, the desired capacity defaults to your minimum capacity if not specified.
The last configuration is Maximum capacity.
Here you set the maximum capacity of instances to be used.
The Auto Scaling groups allow you to have a dynamic environment.
You set the minimum capacity, the desired number, and the maximum capacity.
The group will operate within the config and give you a predictable and cost-effective architecture.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Elastic Load Balancing
Traffic can be directed with Elastic Load Balancing.
Directing Traffic with Elastic Load Balancing Video
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Elastic Load Balancing Service
This service distributes application traffic across services.
The Load Balancer is a single point of contact for incoming web traffic.
The single point of contact means that the traffic hits the Load Balancer first, spreading out the load between the resources.
The balancer accepts requests and directs them to the appropriate instances.
It ensures that one resource won't get overloaded, and that the traffic is spread out.
AWS EC2 and Elastic Load Balancing are two different services that work well together.
AWS ELB is built to support increased traffic without increasing the hourly cost.
AWS ELB scales automatically.
Load Allocation
The service allocates incoming traffic between the available resources.
The principle is the same with both high and low demand periods.
It will allocate between what is available at any time.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Messaging and Queuing Video
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Monolithic Applications and Microservices
Applications are made of multiple components.
The components communicate with each other.
The communication can transmit data, fulfill requests, and keep the application running.
Monolithic Application
An architecture with tightly coupled components can be called a monolithic application.
Components can be databases, servers, interfaces, and much more.
A monolithic application can be vulnerable if one of the components fails.
In the worst case, this can cause the whole service to go down.
Instead, your application can be designed with an approach called microservices.
Microservices can help to keep your service available if one component fails.
Microservices
Microservices can help to maintain the service if one component fails.
The services can be maintained because they communicate with each other and the components are not tightly coupled.
AWS has two services that can make this integration:
AWS Simple Notification Service (AWS SNS)
AWS Simple Queue Service (AWS SQS)
You will learn more about them in the next chapter.
The difference between the Monolithic and Microservices approach is tight coupled vs. loosely coupled.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud Notification Service - AWS SNS
AWS Simple Notification is also called AWS SNS
SNS (Simple Notification Service) is a notification service.
AWS SNS Introduction Video
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What is AWS SNS?
SNS is a cloud service for the mass delivery of messages.
It is a fully managed publish-subscribe messaging and mobile communication service.
It can be event-driven, with automated services responding to triggers.
Distributed systems and micro services can be decoupled with messaging between them through AWS SNS.
Application-to-person messaging to users is possible with SMS, mobile push, and email.
Message Endpoints
AWS SNS can publish messages to many different endpoints:
HTTP and HTTPS
Email and Email-JSON
AWS SQS
Applications
AWS Lambda
SMS (depending on region)
The Difference between SQS and SNS
SNS is a notification system, which pushes messages to its subscribers.
SQS is a queuing system, and the receivers have to pull the messages to be processed and deleted from the queue.
SNS and SQS can works well together.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud Queue Service - AWS SQS
AWS Simple Queue Service is also called AWS SQS
SQS is a message queuing service.
It exchanges and stores messages between software components.
The service adds the messages in a queue.
Users or services pick up the messages from the queue.
Once processed the messages gets deleted from the queue.
The subscribers to messages in AWS SQS can be users or other services such as web applications, servers, emails, serverless functions, and much more.
AWS SQS Introduction Video
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Learn about Serverless Computing in the next chapter. Great job!
AWS Cloud Exercises
Serverless Computing
Serverless is a service where you do not have to think about servers.
With serverless, you only have to think about code.
The cloud provider handles all infrastructure behind it.
Additional Compute Services Video
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The Difference between EC2 and Serverless
AWS EC2 provides virtual server instances.
To run EC2, you must do the following:
Provision of the virtual server instances
Deploy your code
Operate and maintain the servers
Image created by Amazon Web Services
Serverless requires no server management.
Having less to think about with operating server lets you focus on the important things.
The serverless approach is suitable for scale.
AWS has a serverless service called AWS Lambda.
You will learn more about this service in the next chapter.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Serverless Cloud Compute - AWS Lambda
AWS Lambda a serverless compute service.
This service lets you run code without needing to think about servers.
It lets you focus on what's most important, such as making a great application.
You only pay for the compute time that you use.
Pay for what you use translates to that you only pay when your code is running.
How AWS Lambda Works
The high-level steps to understand the concept:
Deploy your code to Lambda
Make the code ready to trigger an event
The code only runs when triggered
Pay only when your code is running
Example:
You can look at serverless as a car.
You start the car to travel to your destination.
Once you are at the destination, you stop it.
You only used fuel when driving.
Lambda works in the same way. The use is on-demand when you run the code.
What is AWS Lambda?
Serverless computing helps abstract the infrastructure in the cloud.
As a result, it reduces costs and can help to increase innovation.
AWS Lambda can be used to:
Build and deploy apps
Monitor and maintain apps
Related reads:
Back-End Code
You can run Back-End code with AWS Lambda.
Here are some popular Back-End languages:
Node.js -
Python -
Java -
Kotlin -
C# -
Browse our site for other popular languages -
AWS Cloud Exercises
Containers in the AWS Cloud
Containers are popular for deploying and managing applications in the cloud.
Containers let you package code in a single object.
The container isolates the code and removes the dependencies to other components.
It runs in isolation.
Containers are an essential concept in micro service architectures.
Containerized Approach
Having the application in a container makes debugging easier.
It makes it easier because the application is inside of an isolated container.
The container remains consistent regardless of deployment.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The picture illustrates one host with containers.
Containers and Scale
It is important to design for scale when using containers.
There could be tens of hosts with hundreds of containers as the environment grows.
One should prepare for how to manage operations at scale.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
This picture illustrates containers in a scaled environment.
Container orchestration services help you deploy, manage, and scale your containerized applications.
In the following chapters, you will learn about two services that provide container orchestration: and .
AWS Cloud Exercises
Elastic Container Service - AWS ECS
ECS helps you run containerized applications.
It is a management system built for scale and high performance.
Introduction to AWS ECS Video
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AWS ECS and Docker
ECS supports Docker.
Docker is a platform that helps you build, test, and deploy applications.
AWS supports Open-Source Community and Subscription-Based Enterprise Docker Editions.
Use API calls to launch and stop the Docker applications.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Kubernetes on the AWS Cloud - AWS ECS
AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service is also called AWS EKS
EKS is a managed service that lets you run Kubernetes on AWS.
It is built for scaling with Kubernetes.
What is Kubernetes?
Kubernetes is open-source software.
It helps you deploy and manage containerized applications.
Kubernetes has a large community.
AWS continuously keeps the AWS EKS service updated to the latest Kubernetes features.
How AWS EKS works
AWS EKS is used to run and scale Kubernetes applications in the cloud and on-premises.
Deploy applications in different ways:
Cloud Deployment
Deployment on your infrastructure
Deployment with your tools
AWS Cloud Exercises
Serverless Compute for Containers - AWS Fargate
It helps to deploy and manage applications.
Fargate manages the infrastructure for you.
You do not have to think about the provision of servers and infrastructure management when using Fargate.
Introduction to AWS Fargate Video
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How AWS Fargate Works
It is a serverless service.
Fargate has a pay-as-you-go pricing model.
It lets you focus on doing the most important thing, building your awesome applications.
AWS Fargate can be used with both and
AWS Cloud Exercises
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Module Overview
In this first section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Regions and Availability Zones:
AWS operates in multiple geographic regions around the world, each comprising multiple Availability Zones (AZs). AZs are isolated data centers within a region, designed for redundancy and fault tolerance.
EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud):
EC2 is AWS's virtual machine service, allowing you to create and manage virtual servers (instances) on the cloud. You can choose instance types, operating systems, and scale as needed.
S3 (Simple Storage Service):
S3 is AWS's object storage service, used to store and retrieve data such as files, images, and backups. It provides high durability, availability, and scalability.
RDS (Relational Database Service):
RDS offers managed database services for popular database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server, simplifying database administration tasks.
IAM (Identity and Access Management):
IAM is AWS's security service for managing user access and permissions. You can create users, roles, and policies to control who can access AWS resources.
VPC (Virtual Private Cloud):
VPC allows you to create isolated network environments within AWS. You can configure subnets, security groups, and route tables to control network traffic.
Elastic Load Balancing:
AWS provides load balancing services to distribute incoming traffic across multiple instances, improving the availability and fault tolerance of applications.
First Recap Video
Congrats on making it to the first recap!
Refresh your memory by watching the summary video.
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Introduction AWS Infrastructure
AWS has global infrastructure with Data Centers all over the world.
Deploy apps across the globe or to a specific location.
Build and deploy where you want.
Selecting a Data Center near your users will reduce the latency and make the experience of your application faster!
Introduction to AWS Global Infrastructure
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AWS Data Centers all over the world.
The network of Data Centers helps ensure the availability of your applications.
If one of the Data Centers fails, another will carry the workload.
The network of Data Centers communicates to make sure that your applications are kept available.
You will learn more about AWS Global Infrastructure in the following chapters. Let's dive in!
Introduction AWS Regions
AWS has Data Centers all over the world.
AWS Regions Video
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Selecting a Region
There are different reasons to choose a specific region.
Those reasons could be:
Data regulations
Customer proximity
Service availability
Pricing
Government Regulations and Data Governance
Some countries do not allow sensitive data to be processed and stored abroad.
Your company might require that all company data shall reside in the country.
Customer Proximity
Selecting a region near your customers can help to make the services faster.
For example:
Imagine that your company is based in Seattle and your customers in Norway.
You might want to consider having the infrastructure in a Data Center near you.
Simultaneously, have the applications running in a Data Center near your customers in Norway.
Using sites near your customers results in faster content delivery, giving them a better experience.
Region Availability Services
All AWS Data Centers do not support all services and features.
AWS makes new services all the time.
Making services available requires AWS to build infrastructure in the Data Centers.
As a result, the services might not have come to a Data Center near you yet.
You can select a region to access specific services.
Pricing
There are many factors in how the prices are set.
For example, the prices might vary from region to region.
You will learn more about pricing in a later chapter.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Introduction to Availability Zones
Availability Zone is a single Data Center or a group of Data Centers in a region.
In an Availability Zone the Data Centers are located many miles apart from each other.
Having them apart reduces the risk of them all going down if a disaster happens in the region.
Simultaneously, have the Data Center(s) close enough to have low latency.
AWS Availability Zones Video
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Availability Zones Illustration
This picture illustrates how the Availability Zones works:
Three regions (orange circles): N. California, Oregon, GovCloud(US-West).
The regions have availability zones (blue circles) displayed as a grid around them.
The picture zooms in on the N. California region.
N. California has an availability zone of three groupings of Data Centers: US-West-1A, US-West-1B, and US-West-1C.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The Availability Zones setup makes the cloud services robust.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Nicely done! In the next chapter, you will learn about Edge Locations.
Introduction Edge Locations
Edge Location is the Data Center used to deliver content fast to your users.
It is the site that is nearest your users.
AWS Edge Location Video
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Fast Delivery
The AWS Edge Locations uses a service called CloudFront.
CloudFront is used to store cached copies of your content.
Resulting in fast delivery of your content.
What is Cache?
Caching helps the software to deliver content faster and cheaper.
Cache is fast storage that copies and stores parts of data.
The data is stored in hardware that can deliver content fast, for example, RAM (Random-access memory).
The main job of the cache is to deliver content fast.
The data is saved in the fast hardware layer so that it does not have to use the slow storage hardware.
The content is delivered faster because the data is no longer requested from the primary location.
It is delivered from the Edge Location. The location nearest to the user.
How Cache Works
The cache saves subsets of the data, making it available.
Once someone requests the data, it is copied and stored at the Edge Location.
When the next person requests the same data, it will be delivered faster from the nearest Edge Location.
AWS Cloud Exercises
How to Provision AWS Resources Video, Part 1
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Ways to Interact with AWS Services
There are three main ways to interact with AWS services.
AWS Management Console
The AWS Management Console is a web-based interface.
It is used to access and manage AWS services.
The AWS Management Console has a mobile application.
The mobile view is best used for monitoring and accessing billing information.
AWS Command Line Interface
AWS Command Line Interface is also called "AWS CLI".
CLI saves you time when making API requests.
It allows you to control multiple AWS services with one tool.
CLI allows you to automate actions on services with scripts.
It is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Software Development Kits
Software development kits are also called "SDKs".
SDKs is another option to access and manage AWS services.
It eases the use of AWS services through an API.
The API is fitted to the platform or programing language that you use.
SDKs can be used on existing applications or new ones built on AWS.
AWS SDKs supports programming languages such as C++, Java, .NET, and more.
AWS Cloud Exercises
How to Provision AWS Resources Video, Part Two
AWS offers two managed tools: AWS Elastic Beanstalk and AWS CloudFormation.
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AWS Elastic Beanstalk
With AWS Elastic Beanstalk, you provide code and configuration settings.
Elastic Beanstalk deploys the resources necessary to perform the following tasks:
Adjust capacity
Load balancing
Automatic scaling
Application health monitoring
AWS CloudFormation
With AWS CloudFormation, you can treat your infrastructure as code.
Using this service you can build an environment by writing lines of code.
Instead of using the AWS Management Console to provision resources individually.
You got it! You will learn more about AWS Elastic Beanstalk and AWS CloudFormation in the following chapters.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Introduction to AWS Elastic Beanstalk Video
Elastic Beanstalk is an orchestration service.
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Cloud Orchestration Service - Elastic Beanstalk
Elastic Beanstalk is a web infrastructure management service.
Beanstalk handles deployment and scaling for web applications and services.
Elastic Beanstalk supports many platforms such as:
Docker
Java with Tomcat
.NET
Ruby
AWS Documentation:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Infrastructure Automation Platform - AWS CloudFormation Video
AWS CloudFormation helps to automate resource provision.
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What is CloudFormation
CloudFormation is an infrastructure service.
It lets you create templates that describe the AWS services that you want.
Then, it handles the config and provisioning of the resources described in the template.
It makes it easier because you do not have to configure the resources individually.
CloudFormation helps to handle the dependencies between the resources.
Read more about AWS CloudFormation at
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview
In this first section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Second Recap Video
Good job! You made it to the second recap!
Refresh your memory by watching the summary video.
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Introduction AWS Networking
AWS has many network connectivity options.
How to connect depends on your setup and requirements.
Introduction to AWS Networking Video
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You will learn about AWS Networking in the next chapters. Lets go!
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC):
VPC is the foundational networking service in AWS. It allows you to create isolated, logically defined sections of the AWS cloud where you can launch AWS resources, such as EC2 instances, RDS databases, and Lambda functions.
You can customize your VPC's IP address range, subnets, route tables, and security settings to meet your specific requirements.
Subnets:
VPCs can be divided into subnets, which are logical segments of IP addresses within the VPC's IP address range. Subnets are used to isolate resources and control traffic flow.
Public subnets are typically used for resources that need direct internet access, while private subnets are used for resources that should not be directly accessible from the internet.
Security Groups:
Security Groups are virtual firewalls that control inbound and outbound traffic to AWS resources. You can associate security groups with EC2 instances and other AWS resources to define allowed traffic rules.
Network Access Control Lists (NACLs):
NACLs are stateless network-level firewalls that provide an additional layer of security for your VPC. Unlike Security Groups, NACLs are associated with subnets and operate at the subnet level.
Route Tables:
Route tables determine how traffic is routed within your VPC. You can configure route tables to route traffic between subnets, to the internet via a NAT Gateway or NAT instance, or to other AWS services.
Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):
ELB distributes incoming traffic across multiple EC2 instances to improve availability and fault tolerance of your applications.
Direct Connect:
Direct Connect is a dedicated network connection that links your on-premises data center or office network to AWS. It provides a more reliable and consistent network connection compared to internet-based connections.
Introduction AWS Networking
AWS has many networking options.
AWS Connectivity Intro Video
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AWS Virtual Private Cloud
AWS Virtual Private Cloud is also called AWS VPC.
VPC is a service that lets you isolate your AWS resources in an isolated network.
The boundaries created around the resources let AWS restrict the network traffic.
In addition, it allows you to include the sections of the AWS Cloud that you want in the isolated network.
Resources can be organized in subnets.
A subnet is a section in the VPC that can contain specific resources.
Internet Gateway
Public traffic can be allowed to your VPC.
The traffic is allowed by an Internet Gateway.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
An Internet Gateway is a door between the VPC and the internet.
The traffic enters the VPC through the Internet Gateway.
Without the Internet Gateway, you cannot access the resources in the VPC.
Virtual Private Gateway
A Virtual Private Gateway is used to access private resources in the VPC.
It has extra layers of protection.
The Virtual Private Gateway encrypts the internet traffic, keeping it protected.
It is a component that allows the encrypted traffic to enter the VPC.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The Virtual Private Gateway allows you to make a Virtual Private Network (VPN) between the VPC and private network.
It only allows traffic from approved networks.
Many businesses use VPNs to ensure that their traffic and data are secure.
AWS Direct Connect
AWS Direct Connect lets you make a dedicated private connection between the Data Center and a VPC.
A dedicated connection is to have the link for yourself.
The link is not shared with others.
Only you and your data can travel through the connection.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
AWS Cloud Exercises
Subnets and Network Access Control Lists Video
Subnets control access to the gateways.
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Subnets
A Subnet is a section of a VPC.
The Subnet allows you to group resources.
The groupings can have different security or operations needs.
You can have both public and private Subnets.
Public Subnets
Public Subnets have resources that the public can access.
For example, your company page, such as W3Schools.com.
Private Subnets
Private Subnets have resources that can only be accessed through the private network.
For example, databases holding customer data.
Public and Private Subnets can communicate with each other through secure channels.
Network Traffic in a VPC
Requested data are sent as a Packet.
A Packet is a package of data sent over a network or the internet.
It enters the VPC through an Internet Gateway.
Before entering a Subnet it checks for permissions.
Checking permissions such as:
Who sent the Packet?
How will the Packet communicate with the resources in the Subnet
Network Access Control Lists
Network Access Control Lists are called ACLs.
ACL is a firewall that controls the traffic, both inbound and outbound.
It controls the traffic at the subnet level.
The ACL checks and controls the Packets.
If the Packet is on the approved list, it will pass through.
However, if they are not on the list, they will be denied access.
Read more about permissions in a subnet at The AWS Documentation:
Stateless Packet Filtering
The ACLs do Stateless Packet filtering.
They have no memory and will forget the request once checked.
Their job is to check the Packets that go in and out.
It uses the set rules to approve or deny access.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
Security Groups
A Security Group is a firewall that controls inbound and outbound traffic.
This feature is specific for an AWS EC2 instance.
The default config denies all inbound traffic and allows all outbound.
You have to add new rules to change this config.
Read more about Security Groups at The AWS Documentation:
Stateful Packet Filtering
Security Groups do stateful Packet filtering.
They remember the actions that they have done with Packets in the past.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
Configuration
ACLs and Security groups can be configured.
Configuration means adding custom rules for the traffic.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
AWS Cloud Exercises
Global Networking Video
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Domain Name System
Domain Name System is also called DNS.
DNS is the service that lets someone access your website from their browser.
The DNS is like a phone book.
It connects the IP address to the domain name.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
AWS Route 53
Route 53 is a DNS web service.
It routes end users to internet apps hosted in AWS.
Route 53 connects users and their requests to AWS resources and external resources.
Route 53 has a feature to manage DNS records.
You can register new and transfer domains with Route 53.
You can manage all of your domain names from Route 53.
Use AWS Route 53 and AWS CloudFront
Route 53 and CloudFront can be combined to deliver content.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The picture explained:
The company has 3 EC2 Instances in an Auto Scaling group.
The group is attached to an Application Load Balancer.
User requests data from the website application.
Route 53 uses DNS resolution to identify the IP address.
The data is sent back to the user.
The user request is sent to the nearest Edge Location through CloudFront.
CloudFront connects to the Application Load Balancer.
The Load Balancer sends the packet to the EC2 instance.
Related reads:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview
In this first section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:1.Review of Core AWS Services: This section could
involve revisiting fundamental AWS services such as EC2 (Elastic Compute
Cloud), S3 (Simple Storage Service), RDS (Relational Database Service), and
others. It may include a quick overview of their purpose, use cases, and how to
set them up.
2.Security and Identity Access
Management (IAM): A recap of AWS security best practices and how to use IAM to
control access to AWS resources. This might include creating and managing IAM
users, roles, and policies.
3.Networking: A review of AWS
networking concepts, including Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) setup, subnetting,
and security groups. Understanding how to configure network settings is crucial
for many AWS deployments.
4.Compute Services: A deeper dive into
EC2 instances, including different instance types, launching instances, and
working with EC2-related services like Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) and Auto
Scaling.
5.Storage Services: Review of AWS storage
options such as S3 for object storage, EBS (Elastic Block Store) for block
storage, and how to create and manage storage resources.
6.Databases: A recap of RDS for
managed relational databases, DynamoDB for NoSQL databases, and other
database-related topics.
7.Serverless and Container
Services: An overview of AWS Lambda for serverless computing, as well as
ECS (Elastic Container Service) and EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) for
container management.
8.Monitoring and Management: A review of AWS
CloudWatch for monitoring and AWS CloudFormation for infrastructure as code.
9.Deployment and Automation: A recap of deployment
strategies using services like AWS Elastic Beanstalk, AWS CodeDeploy, and AWS
CodePipeline.
10.Cost Management: Discussion of AWS
cost optimization techniques and best practices to manage and reduce AWS
expenses.
11.Use Cases and Best Practices: Real-world use cases
and best practices for architecting and deploying applications on AWS.
12.Hands-On Labs and Exercises: Practical exercises
and labs to reinforce concepts learned during the recap module.
13.Q&A and Troubleshooting: A session where
students can ask questions, seek clarification on specific topics, and discuss
any challenges they faced while working on AWS projects.
Third Recap Video
Excellent! You made it to the third recap!
Refresh your memory by watching the summary video.
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Storage and Databases Introduction Video
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What You Will Learn About
Basic storage concepts
Basic database concepts
AWS Elastic Block Store (AWS EBS)
AWS Simple Storage Service (AWS S3)
AWS Elastic File System (AWS EFS)
Storage solutions
AWS Relational Database Service (AWS RDS)
AWS DynamoDB
AWS Redshift
AWS Database Migration Service
Additional database services
Lets dive in! Click the "next" button to continue.
What are Instance Stores?
Instance Store is a storage volume that acts as a physical hard drive.
It provides temporary storage for .
The data in an instance store persists during the lifetime of its instance.
If an instance reboots, data in the instance store will persist.
When the instance hibernates or terminates, you lose any data in the instance store.
If an instance starts from a stopped state, it might start on another host where the used instance store does not exist.
It is recommended to avoid storing valuable data in the store instance.
Instance Stores are good for temporary files, and data that can be easily recreated.
AWS Instance Stores and AWS EBS Video
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You will learn about AWS EBS in the next chapter.
Example:
AWS EC2 instance with an attached instance store is running.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
AWS EC2 instance is stopped or terminated.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
All data on the attached instance store are deleted.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
AWS Cloud Exercises
What is AWS EBS?
AWS EBS is also called AWS Elastic Block Store.
EBS is a service that provides storage volumes.
You can use provided storage volumes in .
EBS volumes are used for data that needs to persist.
It is important to backup the data with AWS EBS snapshots.
After creating an EBS volume, you can attach it to an AWS EC2 instance.
If the EC2 instance stops or is terminated, all the data on the attached EBS volume remains.
What are AWS EBS Snapshots?
EBS snapshot is an incremental data backup.
The first backup of a volume backups all the data.
Every next backup copies only a block of data that has changed since the last snapshot.
It saves on storage costs by not duplicating data.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The image illustrates how EBS Snapshots work.
Only the data unique to that snapshot is removed when you delete a snapshot.
If the EC2 instance stops, or is terminated, all the data on the attached EBS volume remains.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Cloud Storage - AWS S3
AWS S3 is also called AWS Simple Storage Service.
S3 is a storage service.
It allows uploading any type of file.
In S3 you can set access permissions to a file.
It is object-level storage.
It offers unlimited space in the storage.
The maximum file size is 5 TB.
AWS Simple Storage Service Video
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What is Object-Level Storage?
Object-level storage contains objects.
Each object is made of:
Data - any type of file
Metadata - information about what the data is
Key - unique identifier
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The picture illustrates object storage.
AWS S3 Storage Classes
There are many AWS S3 storage classes.
They differ in data availability.
How frequent data is retrieved and cost price.
S3 Standard
S3 Standard is ideal for data that is accessed often.
Provides high availability for stored objects.
It stores data in at least three Availability Zones.
It is the most expensive class.
S3 Standard-Infrequent Access
S3 Standard-Infrequent Access is also called S3 Standard-IA
S3 Standard-IA is ideal for data that is often accessed.
It has the same level of data availability as S3 Standard.
It stores data in at least three Availability Zones.
Lower storage price but higher data retrieval price.
It is higher priced than other classes.
S3 One Zone-IA (S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access)
It stores data in one Availability Zone.
It is cheaper than S3 Standard and S3 Standard-IA classes.
S3 Intelligent-Tiering
S3 Intelligent-Tiering requires automation and monitoring.
It is recommended for data with unknown or frequently changing access.
It moves the object to the S3 Standard-IA class if it is not accessed for 30 days.
It moves objects to S3 Standard if accessed in S3 Standard-IA or S3 One Zone-IA classes.
S3 Glacier
S3 Glacier is recommended for archiving data.
It can retrieve objects within a few minutes.
S3 Glacier is a cheaper and slower class.
S3 Glacier Deep Archive
S3 Glacier Deep Archive has the lowest cost.
Like S3 Glacier, it is best for archives.
Compared to S3 Glacier, S3 Glacier Deep Archive can retrieve objects within 12 hours.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Comparison of AWS EBS and AWS S3
AWS EBS
AWS S3
Data is stored as blocks
Data is stored as objects
Store block can size up to 16 tebibytes each (17.6 terabytes)
Individual object size can be up to 5,000 gigabytes (5 terabytes)
Faster performance than AWS S3
Data does not suffer loss, degradation, or a corruption for a very long time
Data can be modified
Data can not be modified, unless reuploaded
Comparing AWS EBS and AWS S3 Video
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AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud File System - AWS EFS
AWS EFS is also called AWS Elastic File System.
EFS is a file system.
Data in EFS is accessed via file paths.
Compared to AWS EBS, AWS EFS saves the data in many Availability Zones.
Scaling AWS EFS does not disrupt applications.
It is ideal if many services need to access the same data at the same time.
AWS EFS Video
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AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud Relational Database - Amazon RDS
AWS RDS is also called AWS Relational Database Service.
RDS is a service that automates database tasks.
It enables running relational databases in AWS Cloud.
It supports these database engines:
AWS Aurora
PostgreSQL
MySQL
MariaDB
Oracle Database
Microsoft SQL Server
AWS RDS database engines offer data encryption while data is stored, sent, and received.
AWS RDS helps you complete administrative tasks faster.
Decreasing the time needed for administrative tasks gives you more time to develop application features.
AWS Relational Database Service Video
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What is a Relational Database?
In a relational database, data is stored so that it may be linked to other data.
A relational database commonly use to store and query data.
Relational database example:
ID
Product name
Price
1
T-shirt
$20
2
Jeans
$35
3
Shoes
$50
makes stored data consistent and easily understandable.
What is Amazon Aurora?
Amazon Aurora is a relational database ideal for large organizations and enterprises.
It offers high availability of data.
It is excellent for managing large amounts of data.
It is five times faster than a MySQL database.
It is three times faster than a PostgreSQL database.
Amazon Aurora creates six copies of data across three Availability Zones and a data backup on Amazon S3.
It ensures the data is available at all times.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Non-relational Cloud Database - AWS DynamoDB
AWS DynamoDB is a non-relational, NoSQL database.
It is a serverless database.
DynamoDB is a high performance service.
As AWS DynamoDB is a serverless database, you do not have to manage servers or an operational system to use it.
AWS DynamoDB Video
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What is a Non-Relational Database?
One of the structure types of the non-relational database is key-value pairs.
Data key represents an item, and data value represents that item attributes.
Each item can have different attributes.
You can remove any attribute from any item at any time.
Example of non-relational database data:
ID
Data
Name: Katherine Smith
1
Profession: Photographer
Race: White
Name: Joe Doe
2
Age: 35
Height: 190cm
AWS Cloud Exercises
Comparing AWS RDS and AWS DynamoDB
AWS RDS
AWS DynamoDB
Supports complex data
Supports simple structured data
Stores data in database tables
Stores data in documents
More expensive than AWS DynamoDB
Cheaper than AWS RDS
Slower than AWS DynamoDB
Faster than AWS RDS
Comparing AWS RDS and AWS DynamoDB Video
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AWS Cloud Exercises
Big Data Analytics - AWS Redshift
AWS Redshift is big data analytics service.
It can gather information from many sources.
It assists you with getting connections across your data.
AWS Redshift Video
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Empowering
AWS Redshift is powered by SQL, AWS-designed hardware, and .
It is great when data becomes too complex for the traditional relational database.
The image illustrates how AWS Redshift works
Image reference:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Database Migration Service - AWS DMS
It helps you move data between databases.
There is a source database and a target database.
A source database is a database from where data is migrated.
A target database is a database where data is migrated to.
Your source database will remain operational during the migration process.
AWS DBS is simple to use, reduces application downtime, supports a wide range of databases, has low cost, and is reliable.
AWS DMS Video
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When to Use AWS DMS
You can use AWS DMS to:
Enable testing application against production data, or other environmental data, without affecting it
Combine multiple databases into a single one
To send your data to other data sources
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS Cloud Different Database Types
AWS offers more types of databases.
It is good to be aware of them, should you need to use them.
Additional Database Services Video
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AWS DocumentDB
AWS DocumentDB is a document-based database service.
It is a type of NoSQL database.
It supports MongoDB.
It is ideal for content management systems, user profiling, cataloging.
The following is an example of a document inside a document-based database.
It can be used to create graphs from your data for various purposes.
It is great for financial records, supply chain systems, and other centralized digital records.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The image illustrates how Amazon Neptune works.
The picture is taken from
AWS QLDB (AWS Quantum Ledger Database)
AWS QLDB is a ledger database service.
It provides historical data of all of your application changes.
It is great for financial records, supply chain systems, and other centralized digital records.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The image illustrates how AWS QLDB works.
The picture is taken from
AWS Managed Blockchain
AWS Managed Blockchain is a service that utilizes open-source frameworks to create or manage blockchain networks.
With a few clicks, you can join, create, and manage blockchain networks.
Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric are popular open-source blockchain technologies.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The image illustrates how AWS Managed Blockchain works.
The picture is taken from
AWS ElastiCache
AWS ElastiCache service adds catching layers on top of a database.
Catching layer stores a part of data.
It accelerates application performance.
It improves the read times of database requests.
Redis and Memcached are supported with the AWS ElastiCache service.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The image illustrates how AWS ElastiCache works
The picture is taken from
AWS DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)
It is an in-memory cache service for AWS DynamoDB.
It improves read times for your non-relational data.
It improves response times from milliseconds to microseconds.
It is a fully managed, flexible, and secure service.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
The image illustrates how AWS DAX works
The picture is taken from
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview
In this fourth section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Fourth Recap Video
Refresh your memory by watching the summary video.
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Related reads:
AWS Security Introduction Video
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What You Will Learn About
Shared responsibility model
Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
AWS Organizations
Security policies
AWS compliance
Additional AWS security services
What is the AWS Shared Responsibility Model?
The AWS shared responsibility model is a concept of dividing responsibilities between AWS and a Customer.
The Customer is you.
AWS's responsibilities are the security of the cloud.
Customer responsibilities are security in the cloud.
Shared Responsibility Model Video
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Responsibility of AWS
AWS's responsibility is the security of the cloud.
AWS manages all infrastructure layers.
Some of the infrastructure layers are:
Data centers
Hardware and software
Virtualization
Networking
Responsibility of a Customer
Customers' responsibility is the security of everything they make in AWS Cloud.
Customers (you) have complete control over your content.
Customer manages AWS services, software, and access to the data.
Responsibility differences:
AWS
Customer (you)
Edge locations
Networking traffic protection
Availability zones
Server-side encryption
Regions
Client-side data encryption
AWS global infrastructure
Operating systems configuration
Hardware
Network configuration
Networking
Firewall configuration
Database
Platform management
Storage
Applications management
Compute
Identity management
Software
Access management
Customer data
AWS Cloud Exercises
What is AWS Identity and Access Management?
AWS IAM is also called AWS Identity and Access Management.
It helps you securely manage AWS resources and services.
IAM features are:
AWS account root user
IAM Users
IAM policy
IAM groups
IAM roles
Multi-factor authentication
By combining IAM features, you have the flexibility to configure specific operational and security access.
User Permissions and Access Video
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AWS Account Root User
AWS account root user gets created when you first start an AWS account.
Access your account root user by AWS account credentials (email and password).
It has full access to all of the accounts resources and AWS services.
Some of the good practices are:
Avoid using the root user for daily tasks
Use it to create IAM with permissions to create other users
Use it only for the root user-specific tasks
Image created by Amazon Web Services
IAM Users
IAM user represents an entity (person or an application) that interacts with AWS resources and services.
IAM user is made of credentials and a name.
It is created without permissions by default.
The root user can grant permissions to the IAM user.
It is recommended that you create one IAM user for each individual.
IAM Policies
IAM policies are documents.
They deny or allow permissions to AWS resources and services.
They customize user access to AWS resources and services.
You can give only those permissions that each user needs.
IAM policy example is illustrated below.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
IAM Groups
A collection of IAM users is called an IAM group.
IAM policy assigned to the IAM group grants permissions to all IAM users of that group.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
IAM Roles
IAM role is temporary access to services or resources.
Before an IAM role can be given, IAM user, service, or application must have permission to switch roles.
It is best for cases where temporary access needs to be given.
Multi-factor Authentication
Multi-factor authentication is a multiple-step authentication.
It can provide more than one authentication form.
It is an extra layer of security.
It may come in the form of a security code that is sent to your mobile device or an email.
AWS Cloud Exercises
What is AWS Organization?
AWS Organizations is a container for your AWS accounts.
It comes with an organization root user by default.
It allows you to manage permissions of your organization's accounts.
Permissions in AWS organizations are controlled by service control policies (SCPs).
SCPs allow you to restrict AWS resources and services for each account.
AWS Organizations Video
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What Are Organizational Units
Organizational units (OUs) are groups of accounts in the AWS organization.
OUs are used to manage accounts with the same or similar permissions more easily.
The permission policy of OU is applied to all OU accounts.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Introduction to Cloud Compliance Video
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AWS Artifact
AWS Artifact is a service.
It provides access to compliance reports and AWS security on demand.
It consists of AWS Artifact Reports and AWS Artifact Agreements.
There are many regulations and reports you can find in AWS artifacts.
AWS Artifact Agreements
AWS Artifact Agreements are agreements about the use of certain types of information.
Types of information are used throughout AWS services.
It can manage individual account agreements, or all AWS Organization accounts agreements.
AWS Artifact Reports
AWS Artifact Reports give you compliance reports.
They give information about compliance responsibility regarding certain standards.
AWS Artifact Reports are always up to date.
Customer Compliance Center
Customer Compliance Center is a group of resources that helps you learn more about AWS compliance.
It can help you with compliance questions and auditing the security checklist.
You can also discover how other companies solved their compliance problems in the Customer Compliance Center.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Denial-of-Service Attacks
Denial-of-service attacks (DoS) attack is an effort to make an application or a website inaccessible.
The DoS causes an excessive flood of data that overloads an application or a website network.
DoS attack comes from a single source.
Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks
Distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) attack comes from different sources.
Like DoS, DDoS attempts to make an application or a website inaccessible.
The attack can come from more than one attacker or a single attacker that uses bots.
Bots are infected computers that automatically flood your application or a website with excessive traffic.
AWS provides you with an AWS Shield to reduce DoS and DDoS attack effects on your application or a website.
About Denial-of-Service Attacks Video
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AWS Shield
AWS Shield gives protection against DoS and DDoS attacks.
It provides standard and advanced protection.
AWS Shield Standard protection protects all AWS users at no expense.
AWS Shield Advanced is a paid service.
AWS Shield Advanced provides attack details and can minimize the effects of more complex attacks.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Additional Security Services Video
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AWS KMS
AWS KMS is also known as AWS Key Management Service.
It ensures the security of your application data with cryptographic keys.
A cryptographic key is a sequence of characters that may be used to encrypt or decrypt data.
Data encryption is locking the data.
Data decryption is unlocking the data.
You are in complete control of your keys.
You can allow IAM users to manage AWS KMS keys.
AWS WAF
AWS WAF is also known as AWS Web Application Firewall.
It monitors your application's network requests.
It can allow or block network traffic.
To allow or block network traffic, AWS WAF uses ACL (web access control list).
Amazon Inspector
Amazon Inspector helps you improve applications security.
It also helps improve applications compliance.
It checks the application for software versions and other vulnerabilities.
It offers you a report of all security issues and solutions recommendations for your application.
Amazon GuardDuty
Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service.
It detects threats for AWS resources and infrastructure.
It does so by constantly monitoring activity on the network.
Like Amazon Inspector, it reports found threats and fixes recommendations.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview
In this fifth module, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Fifth Recap Video
Refresh your memory by watching the summary video.
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Monitoring and Analytics Introduction Video
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What You Will Learn About
AWS CloudWatch
AWS CloudTrail
AWS TrustedAdvisor
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Ready to learn? Click the "next" button to continue.
Cloud Monitoring and Management Service - AWS CloudWatch
CloudWatch lets you monitor your resources.
It is a web-based service.
Configure the service to monitor and set alarms based on your metrics.
Read about Metrics in the AWS Documentation:
Monitoring and Analytics Introduction Video
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CloudWatch Alarms
CloudWatch lets you create automatic alarms.
Configure the alarms as you like.
Alarms are triggered at thresholds defined by you.
Alarms are used to control resources. For example, stop idle or near to inactive services.
Read about Alarms in the AWS Documentation:
CloudWatch Dashboard
Access CloudWatch from your browser.
It gives you an overview of your resources in one single view.
CloudWatch gives insights across AWS services.
You can make many dashboards based on your needs.
Image created by Amazon Web Services
AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud Action Logging Service - AWS CloudTrail
CloudTrail logs actions inside your AWS environment.
It records API calls on your account.
AWS CloudTrail Video
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CloudTrail
CloudTrail logs actions on your account as a trail.
Example of data logs:
Identity
Time
IP address
and much more.
CloudTrail gives a complete history of user activity and API calls on your resources.
CloudTrail Events
CloudTrail can be used to create events.
Events are set up to understand what has happened.
CloudTrail lets you filter and locates specific events.
Events can for example, tell us:
What?
Who?
When?
How?
The event gives situational insight.
CloudTrail Insights
CloudTrail has a feature called CloudTrail Insights.
Insights let you detect unusual API activities on your account by automation.
Read more about CloudTrail Insights at:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud Inspection Service - AWS TrustedAdvisor
TrustedAdvisor checks your account, evaluates, and recommends.
It recommends helping you follow AWS best practices.
AWS TrustedAdvisor Video
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How TrustedAdvisor Works
TrustedAdvisor is a web-based, real-time recommendation service.
The service checks your account and compares its findings to the following categories:
Cost optimization
Performance
Security
Fault tolerance
Service limits
TrustedAdvisor returns a list of recommended actions.
It will also provide recommendations for learning material to understand AWS best practices better.
AWS TrustedAdvisor Dashboard
TrustedAdvisor has a dashboard.
The dashboard is web-based.
Access TrustedAdvisor from the AWS Management Console.
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The dashboard gives you an overview of the completed checks and results per category.
Green check: no problems
Orange triangle: recommended investigations
Red circle: recommended actions
Read more about TrustedAdvisor at:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview
In this Sixth section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Sixth Recap Video
Refresh your memory by watching the summary video.
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Related reads:
Right on! In the following chapters you will learn about AWS Pricing and Support.
Introduction to AWS Pricing and Support
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What You Will Learn About
AWS Pricing
AWS Support models
AWS Free Tier
Billing
AWS Budget
Cost Explorer
AWS Pricing Calculator
AWS Marketplace
Let's go! Click the "next" button to continue.
Get an AWS Free Tier Account
The AWS Free Tier lets you try services for free for the specified period.
It has three different offerings:
Always Free
12 Months Free
Trials
Learn how to create your account at:
About AWS Free Tier Video
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Always Free
The offers in Always Free do not expire.
Always Free is available to everyone.
You need to have an account to get started.
12 Months Free
This offer is free for the first 12 months.
It starts to count when you sign up with an account.
With 12 Months Free, you get more data to play with.
Trials
Trials are short-term offers.
It is for specific services.
The trial period starts when you activate the service.
The period length differs from service to service.
Examples: 30 days, 90 days, or 150 free hours of consumption.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Cloud Pricing Models - AWS
AWS has many different pay-as-you-go pricing options.
Pay for What You Use
Pay only for the resources that you use.
No need for long-term contracts.
No need for licensing agreements.
Pay Less When You Reserve
Requires a commitment for future consumption.
You need to pay no matter if you use the services or not.
Reserve resources will give you a discount.
This option is for those who know that they need the resources in the future.
Pay Less with Volume-Based Discount When You Use More
The service gets cheaper the more you use.
Pricing per unit gets lower when you cross a threshold.
More use, pay less.
AWS Pricing Calculator
The Pricing Calculator lets you create a cost estimate for the use of AWS resources.
Organize the estimates into groups.
Use the groups to simulate how your business is organized. For example, by cost centers.
The estimates can be shared with others by links.
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The estimations can be detailed on the resource and its specifications.
Helping you make better decisions.
For example: Deciding which region to pick and what requirements to use on the instance.
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS Billing Dashboard Video
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AWS Billing Dashboard Use
The Billing Dashboard lets you pay your AWS bill, monitor usage, and analyze costs.
Compare billing periods
View spending, for example: daily, monthly, or year-to-date
Find out how much use you have left on the Free Tier
Saving plans
Create cost and usage reports
Read more about Billing Dashboard at AWS Documentation:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Consolidated Billing Cloud Services
AWS lets you manage several accounts from a central location.
The central location allows you to have one bill cross all the accounts.
Many accounts, one single bill.
Merging bills is the core of Consolidated Billing.
AWS Consolidated Billing Video
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Benefits of Consolidated Billing
One bill for the AWS accounts in your organization.
It makes tracking costs easier.
Shared discounts cross accounts.
The max number of accounts per organization is 4.
Contact AWS Support to increase the limit.
Read more about Consolidated Billing at AWS Documentation:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Budget for Cloud Services - AWS
AWS Budget lets you plan usage, cost, and instance reservations.
The information in AWS Budget is updated three times a day.
Create custom alerts in Budgets.
Use the alerts to warn you if you surpass the usage forecast.
AWS Budget Video
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Budget Overview
The Budget lets you compare actual vs. budgeted use.
It enables you to compare budgets with many dimensions.
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Read more about Budgets at AWS Documentation:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Cost Visualization Tool - AWS Cost Explorer
Cost Explorer lets you visualize, understand, and manage your AWS costs.
The tool is used to create reports and analyze expenses.
AWS Cost Explorer Video
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AWS Cost Explorer Overview
Cost Explorer visualizes your cost and usage.
Filters and groups help you to drill down to find insights.
AWS Cost Explorer Dashboard
Cost Explorer has a web-based dashboard.
It lets you filter on periods, services, usage, and much more.
Cost Explorer helps you to understand better what drives cost.
The insights help you to optimize costs and make better decisions.
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Read more about Cost Explorer at:
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS Cloud Support Plans
AWS offers four different support plans.
Basic
Developer
Business
Enterprise
AWS Support Plans Video
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Basic Support
Basic is the default support option.
Basic support is free.
It grants access to whitepapers, documentation, and support communities.
There are limitations for what you can contact AWS for.
Paid Support
You need to pay to access a higher level of support than basic.
The alternatives are:
Developer: lowest cost
Business: cost in the middle
Enterprise: highest cost
The alternatives cover different needs.
All plans have a monthly price.
Read here to compare support plans:
Developer Support
Access to everything in Basic plus:
Best practice guidance
Client-side diagnostic tools
Building-block architecture support on how to use AWS services together
Business Support
Everything in Basic and Developer plus:
Use-case guidance
All checks
Limited support for third-party software
Enterprise Support
Everything in Basic, Developer, and Business plus:
Application architecture guidance
A short project to assess and guide your company on architecture and scale
Technical account manager
Technical Account Manager (TAM)
The Enterprise Plan includes access to a Technical Account Manager.
The TAM is the primary point of contact.
She helps you with design, architecture, and how to grow with AWS.
The TAM has access to expertise in all AWS services.
Read more about Support Plans at:
AWS Cloud Exercises
AWS Marketplace
AWS Marketplace lets you list and sell software.
AWS Marketplace Video
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What is AWS Marketplace?
Marketplace is a digital catalog where vendors can list and sell their software.
Here you can explore, test, and purchase software that runs on AWS.
It gives detailed product information on listings such as:
Pricing
Support options
Customer reviews
AWS Marketplace Categories
Listings are categorized.
The categories help you to find better what you are looking for.
They are also making it easier for others to find your listing.
Overview of the categories:
Image created by Amazon Web Services
Read more about Marketplace at AWS Documentation:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview()
In this seventh section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Software Modules:
In software development, modules are self-contained sections of code that perform specific functions. They are designed to be reusable and can be incorporated into larger programs or applications.
Software modules help with code organization, modularity, and maintainability. They allow developers to work on different parts of a project independently.
Learning Modules:
In education and training, learning modules are self-contained units of instructional content. They are often used in e-learning and online courses.
Learning modules can cover specific topics or learning objectives and are structured to facilitate learning through a combination of text, multimedia, quizzes, and activities.
Hardware Modules:
In hardware design, modules are individual components or units that can be integrated into a larger system.
For example, in computer hardware, modules might refer to memory modules (RAM), expansion cards, or other interchangeable components.
ERP Modules:
In the context of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software, modules are functional components that handle specific business processes. Examples include finance modules, human resources modules, and inventory modules.
IoT Modules:
In the Internet of Things (IoT), modules can refer to pre-built hardware and software components that simplify the development of IoT devices. These modules often include sensors, communication interfaces, and processing capabilities.
Project Management Modules:
In project management software, modules can represent different aspects of project planning and execution, such as task management, resource allocation, and reporting.
Content Management System (CMS) Modules:
In CMS platforms like WordPress, modules are extensions or plugins that add specific functionality to a website or web application.
Training and Certification Modules:
In professional development and certification programs, modules may be used to break down the curriculum into manageable sections, each covering a specific set of skills or knowledge.
Introduction to AWS Migration and Innovation Video
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What You Will Learn About
Migration and innovation in the AWS Cloud
AWS Cloud Adoption Framework
Key factors of a cloud migration
Benefits of AWS data migration solutions
Summary of AWS innovative solutions
Click "next" to dive in!
Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
What is AWS CAF?
AWS CAF is a framework that walks you through migration of applications to the cloud.
It provides suggestions assisting you in the migration process.
CAF has six focus areas:
Business
People
Governance
Platform
Security
Operations
AWS CAF's focus areas are also called perspectives
AWS CAF Video
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Business Perspective
The Business Perspective is about justifying the investment.
The Business Perspective ensures that business and IT objectives meets the investment.
Roles in the Business Perspectives are:
Budget owners
Business managers
Finance managers
Strategy stakeholders
People Perspective
The People Perspective evaluates skills, requirements, and roles in your organization.
It is about making sure that you have the right skills, competence, and processes in place to move to the cloud.
The evaluation process helps you implement necessary changes or improvements.
Roles in the People Perspectives are:
People managers
Human resources (HR)
Staffing
Governance Perspective
The Governance Perspective is about minimizing the risk.
And simultaneously, to maximize the business value.
It helps you to understand the gaps.
Giving you an understanding of how to ensure processes and staff skills.
Roles in the Governance Perspectives are:
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Enterprise architects
Business analysts
Program managers
Portfolio managers
Platform Perspective
The Platform Perspective helps you deploy new cloud solutions.
It also helps you migrate on-premises workload to the cloud.
Roles in the Platform Perspectives are:
Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
Solutions architects
IT managers
Security Perspective
The Security Perspective ensures that the organization's security objectives are met.
The Security Perspective includes objectives for:
Agility
Visibility
Auditability
Control
Roles in the Security Perspectives are:
Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)
IT security analysts
IT security managers
Operations Perspective
The Operations Perspective is about running the business.
Ensuring that the business operations meet the expectations.
It includes a year-to-year, quarter-to-quarter, and day-to-day business.
It helps define the necessary changes needed for successful cloud adoption.
Roles in the Operations Perspectives are:
IT operations managers
IT support managers
AWS Cloud Exercises
What Are Migration Strategies?
Migration Strategies are plans that help you move your applications into the cloud.
There are six most common strategies you can implement for your application migration:
Rehosting
Replatforming
Refactoring
Repurchasing
Retaining
Retiring
Cloud Migration Strategies Video
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Rehosting
Rehosting is also called lift-and-shift.
It is a process of moving applications without making any changes to them.
Replatforming
Replatforming is also called lift, tinker and shift.
It is a process of moving applications with cloud optimizations.
Refactoring
Refactoring is also called re-architecting.
It is a process of changing the application foundation/core and/or environment.
It helps with application scaling, performance, and further development.
Repurchasing
Repurchasing is a process of changing business type.
It moves your application to a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model from a traditional model.
Retaining
Retaining involves keeping crucial business applications.
It could include applications that require refactoring before migration.
Retiring
It is a process of removing unnecessary applications.
AWS Cloud Exercises
What is AWS Snow Family?
AWS Snow Family is a group of devices that transport data in and out of AWS.
AWS Snow Family devices are physical devices.
They can transfer up to exabytes of data.
One exabyte is 1 000 000 000 000 megabytes.
AWS Snow Family include three device types:
AWS Snowcone
AWS Snowball
AWS Snowmobile
AWS Snow Family Video
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AWS Snowcone
AWS Snowcone is a secure and small device.
It transfers data.
It is made out of 8 TB of storage space, 4 GB of memory, and 2 CPUs.
AWS Snowball
AWS Snowball has 2 types of devices, described in the table below.
Snowball Edge Storage Optimized devices
Snowball Edge Compute Optimized devices
Great for large-scale data migrations
Great for services that require a large amount of computing resources.
Have 80 TB of HDD storage space for object storage
Have 42 TB of HDD storage for object storage, and 7.68 TB of NVMe SSD storage space for AWS EBS block volumes.
Have 1 TB of SSD storage for block volumes
Work on 208 Gib of memory and 52 vCPUs.
AWS Snowmobile
AWS Snowmobile moves large amounts of data to AWS.
It can transfer up to 100 petabytes of data
One petabyte is 1 000 000 000 megabytes.
AWS Cloud Exercises
Innovate with AWS Cloud
Innovation with AWS can improve your business in the cloud.
AWS Services help you:
Evaluate your current business state
Determine the state you want to be at
Deal with the problems you need to solve
Some options for solving your problems that AWS offers you are:
Machine Learning (ML)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Serverless applications
Innovation with AWS Cloud Video
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Machine Learning - ML
AWS offers you a tool that helps you develop ML features in the AWS cloud.
AWS has a service called Amazon SageMaker.
SageMaker reduces the development time and complexity of ML.
With ML, you can predict situations, solve complex issues, analyze data, and more.
Read more about Machine learning here:
Artificial Intelligence - AI
Artificial Intelligence - AI is software capable of performing complex human tasks.
AWS offers many services that are AI-powered:
Service to build voice and text chatbots - Amazon Lex
Service that can convert text to speech - Amazon Transcribe
Service that can discover text patterns - Amazon Comprehend
Service that can detect potential fraud activities online - Amazon Fraud Detection
Read more about Artificial Intelligence here:
Serverless Applications
In AWS, you can run the serverless application with a service called AWS Lambda.
It maintains the server for you.
It allows you to give more attention to application development than to administration tasks.
Read more about Serverless and AWS Lambda here:
AWS Cloud Exercises
Module Overview
In this eighth section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Module Title: The name or title of the module, which should give students an idea of its subject matter.
Module Objectives: The learning objectives or goals of the module. What should students be able to understand or do by the end of the module?
Topics Covered: A list of the main topics or subtopics that will be addressed in the module. This helps students understand the content they'll be studying.
Reading Materials: If applicable, any required or recommended reading materials, textbooks, articles, or online resources that students should review for the module.
Assignments and Assessments: An overview of the assignments, projects, or assessments that students will need to complete during or at the end of the module. This may include due dates and weightage (if applicable).
Resources: Any additional resources or support materials that will be provided to students to help them succeed in the module. This could include links to online resources, study guides, or supplementary materials.
Grading and Evaluation: Information about how student performance will be evaluated, including grading criteria, rubrics, and any participation requirements.
Prerequisites: If there are any prerequisites or prior knowledge required to successfully engage with the module, these should be clearly stated.
Module Duration: The expected duration of the module, including start and end dates, if applicable.
Contact Information: Contact details for the instructor or facilitator of the module, in case students have questions or need assistance.
AWS Cloud Eighth Recap Video
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Related reads:
Communication: In networking and telecommunications, "point-to-point" refers to a direct communication link between two devices or nodes. It typically means that data is transmitted directly from one point to another without intermediaries. This can be contrasted with "broadcast" or "multicast" communication, where data is sent to multiple recipients simultaneously.
Transportation: In transportation, "point-to-point" usually refers to a mode of travel or transportation where a passenger or cargo is transported directly from one specific location or point to another, without intermediate stops or transfers. For example, a direct flight from one city to another without layovers is considered a point-to-point flight.
Business: In a business context, "point-to-point" can refer to a business model or strategy that focuses on providing specific products or services directly to customers without intermediaries or middlemen. It often implies a direct customer-to-business relationship.
Mathematics: In geometry or mathematics, "point-to-point" might refer to measuring the distance between two specific points or locations on a graph or coordinate system.
Congrats on completing Module 8!
What You Will Learn About
Summary of the Well-Architected Framework
Cloud computing benefits
The Cloud Journey Video
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What is AWS Well-Architected Framework?
AWS Well-Architected Framework is a tool that uses best practices to find improvements for your applications in the cloud.
It helps you in five areas:
Operational excellence
Security
Reliability
Performance efficiency
Cost optimization
Those areas are also called the five pillars of AWS Well-Architected Framework.
Operational Excelence Pillar
The operational excellence pillar is a capacity to manage and monitor systems.
It improves supporting systems processes and procedures.
It includes:
Making small and reversible changes
Prediction of system disruptions
Performing code tasks
Making documentation notes
Security Pillar
The security pillar consists of protecting systems and data.
Well-Architected Framework applies security at all levels.
It protects both stored and in-transit data.
When possible, best security practices are automatically applied.
Reliability Pillar
The reliability pillar is the ability to minimize disruptions of the system.
It obtains computing resources as needed.
It entails boosting system availability.
It automatically recovers the system from disruptions.
Performance Efficiency Pillar
The performance efficiency pillar is the capacity to accurately use computing resources.
It satisfies the efficiency on demand.
Cost Optimization Pillar
Cost optimization pillar helps you run your cloud services at the lowest price points.
Cost optimization performs operations such as:
Analysis of your costs
Operating managed services
Makes sure you only pay for what you use
AWS Well-Architected Framework Video
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Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
What Are the Benefits of the AWS Cloud?
There are six crucial benefits of the AWS Cloud:
Trade upfront expense for variable expense
Benefit from massive economies of scale
Stop guessing capacity
Increase speed and agility
Stop spending money running and maintaining data centers
Go global in minutes
Trade Upfront Expense for Variable Expense
AWS Cloud makes sure you pay only for what you use.
It helps you avoid unnecessary investments in infrastructure like servers or data centers.
Benefit from Massive Economies of Scale
By utilizing cloud computing, you might receive a cheaper variable cost.
Because of the high number of clients in the cloud, you can achieve lower pay-as-you-go rates.
Stop Guessing Capacity
AWS Cloud helps you lower your capacity cost.
You only pay what you use.
Increase Speed and Agility
AWS Cloud makes application deployment fast and easy.
Stop Spending Money Running and Maintaining Data Centers
AWS Cloud gives you more time to focus on your customers and applications.
It does so by managing servers for you.
Go Global in Minutes
AWS Cloud allows you to deploy apps quickly and with little latency.
Benefits of the AWS Cloud Video
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Relevant Specializations and Guided Projects
Module Overview
In this ninth section, you have been introduced to the following concepts:
Software Module: In software development, a module is a self-contained unit of code that performs a specific function. It can be a part of a larger software program or system.
Learning Module: In education and training, a module is a self-contained unit of instruction that covers a specific topic or skill.
Hardware Module: In hardware design, a module can refer to a self-contained hardware component that can be integrated into a larger system.
Corporate Training Module: In a corporate or business context, a module can be a part of a training program that covers a specific aspect of job training or skill development.
Node.js Module: In the context of Node.js (a JavaScript runtime), a module is a reusable block of code that encapsulates related functions and data.
Project Management Module: In project management, a module can be a distinct phase or component of a project plan.
AWS Cloud Practitioner Exam Prep
W3Schools AWS Cloud Practitioner Tutorial is free.
The Tutorial is a complete AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner course.
It will help you prepare and increase your chances of passing the Exam.
You do not have to take the exam to read this tutorial
The Tutorial is available and free for everyone.
Exam Subjects
The Exam has four different subjects that you have to study.
Cloud concepts
Security and compliance
Technology
Billing and pricing
Read the AWS Exam Guide for more information about the subjects
It is recommended to read the Exam Guide. It is a part of the preparation.
Subject Exam Weight
The Exam subjects are weighted.
The weighted numbers are estimated and might not be exact.
They should be used as a guide to help you understand what to study.
Some questions cover multiple subjects.
Here is an overview of the weighted subjects:
Subject
Weight
Cloud Concepts
26%
Security and Compliance
25%
Technology
33%
Billing and Pricing
16%
Total
100%
Recommended Experience
It is recommended to have a basic understanding of AWS Cloud and IT services before taking the Exam.
A rule of thumb is to have at least six months of experience with AWS Cloud.
However, there are no restrictions to take it earlier, as long as you have prepared well.
Exam Details
The Exam consists of 65 multiple-choice questions. The Exam is time-limited to 90 minutes.
Candidates must have 70% correct answers to pass the Exam and become certified.
Unanswered questions count as incorrect. Always answer, even if you are guessing.
You can go back and review questions.
Immediately after completing the Exam, you will be informed of your score and of your pass/fail status.
Schedule Exam
Getting a certificate proves your commitment to upgrade your skills
gives you the credibility needed for more responsibilities, larger projects, and a higher salary.
Schedule your Exam today and get started!
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Exercises
We have gathered a variety of AWS Cloud exercises (with answers) for each AWS Cloud Chapter.
Try to solve an exercise by editing some code, or show the answer to see what you've done wrong.
Count Your Score
You will get 1 point for each correct answer. Your score and total score will always be displayed.
Start AWS Cloud Exercises
Good luck!
If you don't know AWS Cloud, we suggest that you read our from scratch.
AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner
Document Your Skills
Knowledge is power, especially in the current job market. Documentation of your skills enables you to advance your career, or help you to start a new one.
Get a Certificate
Getting a certificate proves your commitment to upgrade your skills, gives you the credibility needed for more responsibilities, larger projects, and a higher salary.
You can use the AWS Cloud Practitioner Quiz to prepare for your certification exam.
The Test
The test contains 40 questions and there is no time limit.
The test is not official, it's just a nice way to see how much you know, or don't know, about the AWS Cloud.
Count Your Score
You will get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end of the Quiz, your total score will be displayed. Maximum score is 40 points.
Start the Quiz
Good luck!
If you don't know AWS Cloud, we suggest that you read our from scratch.
AWS Cloud Practitioner Exam
Document Your Skills
Knowledge is power, especially in the current job market. Documentation of your skills enables you to advance your career, or help you to start a new one.
Get a Certificate
Getting a certificate proves your commitment to upgrade your skills, gives you the credibility needed for more responsibilities, larger projects, and a higher salary.
Applied learning Work hands-on with tools and technologies
Learning Flexibility Study at your own pace. Be in control of your time
Earn a certificate Document your knowledge and skills
Build Modern Python Apps on AWS
This course guides you through Python App on AWS development.
Learn with subject matter Experts in this applied learning experience.
The format is text and video guided by a trainer.
What you will learn
Building brand new applications on AWS.
Amazon API Gateway for serverless API hosting.
AWS Lambda for serverless computing.
Amazon Cognito for serverless authentication.
Why learn Python Apps on AWS development
Gain job-relevant skills with flexible and applied learning experiences.
Build competence by learning from subject matter experts.
Increase your employability by adding value to your CV and resume.
Save time and money by taking a cloud course that costs a fraction of a full qualification, and getting the same results.
How a Cloud Course Works
Working through a self-paced course that help you master a skill.
Try things on your own and pay attention to the instructions given by the trainer.
Video and reading-based learning where you take practical exercises and knowledge check quizzes.
Complete the learning modules to get the certificate of completion.
Course overview
Exam fee: 45 USD
Exam level: Intermediate
Certificate of completion: Included
Format: Self paced, video and text lectures with knowledge check quizzes and problem-based exercises
Build your skills bite-sized to better digest and process the learning.
Be in control of your own experience and time.
Apply what you have learned right away!
Earn a certificate
Complete the learning modules to get the certificate of completion.
Getting a certificate proves your commitment to upgrading your skills.
The certificate can be added as credentials to your CV, Resume, LinkedIn profile, etc.
It gives you the credibility needed for more responsibilities, larger projects, and a higher salary.
Knowledge is power, especially in the current job market.
Documentation of your skills enables you to advance your career or helps you to start a new one.
Check how it looks like in this .
Build Modern Python Apps on AWS
Applied learning Work hands-on with tools and technologies
Learning Flexibility Study at your own pace. Be in control of your time
Earn a certificate Document your knowledge and skills
Learn to Develop With AWS DevOps Philosophy
This course guides you through DevOps on AWS.
Learn with subject matter Experts in this applied learning experience.
This course focuses on code, build and test parts of the workflow
The format is text and video guided by a trainer.
What you will learn
Understand the DevOps philosophies and its lifecycle.
Learn about DevOps tools and practices.
Implement DevOps culture and practices in the AWS Cloud.
Understanding Source Control.
Implement and manage continuous delivery systems and methodologies on AWS.
Best practices for Continuous Integration.
How to use the right tools to measure code quality by identifying workflow steps.
Associated skills
Software Development
Workflow Management
Version Control
Amazon Web Services
AWS CodeBuild
Continuous Integration
Infrastructure Managemen
Software Quality (SQA/SQC)
Why learn to develop with AWS DevOps philosophy?
Gain job-relevant skills with flexible and applied learning experiences.
Build competence by learning from subject matter experts.
Increase your employability by adding value to your CV and resume.
Save time and money by taking a cloud course that costs a fraction of a full qualification, and getting the same results.
Give your business the competitive edge by unleashing the power of DevOps. The game-changing approach that marries cutting-edge tools, practices, and culture, supercharging your organization's delivery speed for apps and services. Innovate and improve faster than ever in today's fast-paced market.
Course overview
Course fee: 45 USD
Course level: Intermediate
Certificate of completion: Included
Format: Self paced, video and text lectures with knowledge check quizzes and problem-based exercises
Time to complete: Around 10 hours
Language: English (video subtitles: English)
Prerequisites: Fundamental knowledge of AWS, AWS Cloud Technical Essentials or AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials
Flexible learning experiences
Gain relevant skills at your own pace.
Build your skills bite-sized to better digest and process the learning.
Be in control of your own experience and time.
Apply what you have learned right away!
Earn a certificate
Complete the learning modules to get the certificate of completion.
Getting a certificate proves your commitment to upgrading your skills.
The certificate can be added as credentials to your CV, Resume, LinkedIn profile, etc.
It gives you the credibility needed for more responsibilities, larger projects, and a higher salary.
Knowledge is power, especially in the current job market.
Documentation of your skills enables you to advance your career or helps you to start a new one.
Check how it looks like in this .
Learn to Code, Build and Test with AWS DevOps Philosophy
Learn Math for Machine Learning
Math is an important subject in Machine Learning.
It helps you to find useful patterns in the data.
The most used types of math are Linear Algebra, Probabiliy Theory, Statistics, and Multivariate Calculus.
This tutorial will teach you the fundamentals to get started.
Why You Should Learn Machine Learning
There are many job opportunities.
It is the first step towards becoming a Data Scientist.
It is becoming very popular.
Machine learning is a field of study that gives computers the ability to learn, without being explicitly programmed.
- Arthur Samuel, 1959
Overview Video
This video provides an overview of Math for Machine Learning.
W3schools.com collaborates with Amazon Web Services to deliver digital training content to our students.
Tutorial Information
Format: Video.
Prerequisites: Higher education math.
Time to complete: Eight hours.
Content collaboration: W3schools.com is collaborates with Amazon Web Services on this tutorial to deliver digital training content to our students.
Serverless computing is allocation of cloud resources on demand.
Our AWS Serverless tutorial will teach you how to architect Serverless Solutions on AWS.
You will be catching up in no time!
Why Learn AWS Serverless?
This skill offers many job opportunities.
AWS is one of the major cloud providers.
You can do everything in the AWS cloud.
Tutorial Overview
This tutorial gives an overview of creating serverless applications.
It will teach you concepts of serverless architecture, security, errors, scaling, and migrations.
In addition, this tutorial will help you prepare for the AWS Architecting Serverless Solutions Exam.
Tutorial Information
Format: Text and video.
Prerequisites: None.
Time to complete: Eight hours.
Content collaboration: W3schools.com collaborates with Amazon Web Services on this tutorial to deliver digital training content to our students.
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